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Brockets or brocket deer are the species of deer in the genus ''Mazama''. They are medium to small in size, and are found in the Yucatán Peninsula, Central and South America, and the island of Trinidad. Most species are primarily found in forests. They are superficially similar to the African duikers and the Asian muntjacs, but unrelated. There are about ten species of brocket deer. The genus name ''Mazama'' is derived from Nahuatl ''mazame'', the plural of ''mazatl'' "deer". ==Taxonomy== The taxonomy among ''Mazama'' species has changed significantly in the last decades, and as recently as 1999 some authorities only recognized four species.〔Nowak, R. M. (eds) (1999). ''Walker's Mammals of the World.'' 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press.〕 These four "species", ''M. americana'', ''M. gouazoubira'', ''M. rufina'' and ''M. chunnyi'' included several distinct populations which subsequently were elevated to species status, resulting in a total of 9 different species being recognized in ''Mammal Species of the World'' in 2005. A 10th species, ''M. nemorivaga'', has traditionally been included in ''M. gouazoubira'', but this was shown to be mistaken in 2000.〔Rossi, R. V. (2000). ''Taxonomia de Mazama Rafinesque, 1817 do Brasil (Artiodactyla, Cervidae).'' M.Sc. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo.〕 ''M. nemorivaga'' was not recognized as a separate species in ''Mammal Species of the World'',〔 but this was apparently an error.〔.〕 Yet another species, the fair brocket (''M. "ochroleuca"'') has recently been proposed,〔van Roosmalen, M., & Pim van Hooft. (''A new species of living brocket deer (Mammalia: Cervidae) from the Brazilian Amazon.'' ) Accessed October 09, 2010.〕 but its description is invalid as it does not comply with chapter 3, article 8 of the ICZN code,〔International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (2000). ''(International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. )'' 4th edition. Accessed October 09, 2010.〕 and consequently it is not included in the below list. What may be an undescribed small species of brocket with a reddish pelage and blackish legs has been photographed in the lowlands of Manú National Park in Peru, and based on sight records may also occur in north-western Bolivia.〔Trolle, M., and L. H. Emmons (2004). ''(A record of a dwarf brocket from lowland Madre de Dios, Peru. )'' Deer Specialist Group Newsletter 19: 2-5〕 Molecular dating suggests that the family Cervidae originated and radiated in central Asia during the Late Miocene, and that Odocoileini dispersed to North America during the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, and underwent an adaptive radiation in South America after their Pliocene dispersal across the Isthmus of Panama.〔Gilbert, C., Ropiquet, A., and Hassanin, A. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40:101-117〕 According to the systematic relationships and evolutionary history of Neotropical deer, at least eight ancestral forms of deer invaded South America during the late Pliocene (2.5–3 MYA), and members of the red brockets had an independent early explosive diversification soon after their ancestor arrived there, giving rise to a number of morphologically cryptic species. Deer endemic to the New World fall in two biogeographic lineages: the first one groups ''Odocoileus'' and ''Mazama americana'' is distributed in North, Central, and South America, whereas the second one is composed of South American species only and includes ''Mazama gouazoubira''. This implies that the genus ''Mazama'' is not a valid taxon.〔Duarte, J. M. B., González, S. and Maldonado, J. E. 2008. The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49:17-22〕 Genetic analysis revealed high levels of molecular and cytogenetic divergence between groups of morphologically similar species of brockets (''Mazama),'' and suggest a polyphyletic origin. In particular, ''Mazama americana'' showed a striking relationship with several sequences of Odocoileus in contrast to that expected, since this ''M. americana'' (now ''M. temama'') haplotype, from a Mexican origin, was not associated with several Bolivian ''Mazama'' sequences analyzed. This could put forward that this genera is not monophyletic. On the other hand, these Bolivian ''Mazama'' formed a clade with ''Pudu puda'' and ''Ozotoceros bezoarticus''. Likely, an Odocoileus virginianus sequence from the Central area of Colombia showed a more strong relationship with a North American ''O. heminonus'' sequence than with the other ''O. virginianus'' sequences of Colombian origin as well. This could be explained by various hypotheses. The first is the existence of common ancestral haplotypes between both species. Another is the reiterative hybridization among both ''Odocoileus'' species before the migration of ''O. virginianus'' from North America to South America.〔Ruiz-García, M., Randi, E., Martínez-Agüero, M. and Alvarez, D. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical deer genera (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) by means of DNAmt sequences and microsatellite markers. Revista de Biología Tropical 55:723-741〕 *Red brocket (''Mazama americana''). *Small red brocket or Bororo (''Mazama bororo'') *Merida brocket (''Mazama bricenii'') *Dwarf brocket (''Mazama chunyi''). *Gray brocket (''Mazama gouazoubira''). *Pygmy brocket (''Mazama nana''). *Amazonian brown brocket (''Mazama nemorivaga''). *Yucatan brown brocket (''Mazama pandora''). *Little red brocket (''Mazama rufina''). *Central American red brocket (''Mazama temama''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Brocket deer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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